External Electric Load

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If an electrical network has a well-defined output terminal, the circuit connected to this terminal (or its input impedance) is the load. (The term 'load' may also refer to the power (physics) consumed by a circuit; that topic is not discussed here.)

Load affects the performance of circuits that output volts or Current (electricity)s, such as sensors, voltage sources, and amplifiers. A household's Domestic AC power plugs and socketss provide an easy example: they are a voltage source, outputting 120 volt alternating current, with the household's appliances collectively making up the load. When a power-hungry appliance switches on, it dramatically reduces the load Electrical impedance, causing the output voltage to drop. This drop is easily observed; for instance, turning on a vacuum cleaner dims the lights.

A more technical approach (Two sidenotes on generality, for advanced readers. This discussion will disregard nonlinearity. It will also use simple electrical resistances, but they can be readily generalized to impedances for AC analysis.)

When discussing the effect of load on a circuit, it is helpful to disregard the circuit's actual design and consider only the Thévenin equivalent. (The Norton's theorem works just as well, but this discussion will use the Thévenin form.) The Thévenin equivalent of a circuit looks like this:

image:Electric_load0.png Rs.

With no load (open-circuited terminals), all of V_S falls across the output; the output voltage is V_S. However, the circuit will behave differently if a load is added. We would like to ignore the details of the load circuit, as we did for the power supply, and represent it as simply as possible. If we use an Input impedance to represent the load, the complete circuit looks like this:

image:Electric_load1.png

Whereas the voltage source by itself was an open circuit, adding the load makes a closed circuit and allows current to flow. This current places a voltage drop across R_S, so the voltage at the output terminal is no longer V_S. The output voltage can be determined by the Voltage divider rule rule:

V_{OUT} = V_S \cdot \frac{R_{L-->{R_{L} + R_S}

References See also

Dummy load

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